Estrogen has been shown to stimulate the release of oxytocin from the hypothalamus and promote receptor binding in the amygdala. In the uterus, oxytocin exerts its effects by binding to oxytocin receptors on smooth-muscle cells. Prostaglandin is a naturally occurring hormone approved for use in beef cattle in 1979. 1.0-4.0 ml. The experiment In women whose labour is prolonged or flagging, injections of oxytocin may be used to facilitate the labour process. Karnataka Antibiotics & Pharmaceuticals Ltd (KAPL), a PSU, would now be manufacturing this drug for human & veterinary use. This population of oxytocin neurons is absent in, Autism: Oxytocin has been implicated in the etiology of autism, with one report suggesting autism is correlated to a mutation on the oxytocin receptor gene (. [58], Oxytocin has peripheral (hormonal) actions, and also has actions in the brain. Purified Oxytocic Principle (20 USP Units per mL). Oxytocin is a hormone that is released during times of stress or excitement. Note- Progesterone & Relaxin is only found in female. Thus causing economic loss to the owner in the long run. paper, two other laboratories have confirmed Pro8-OT and documented additional oxytocin structural variants in this primate taxon. Note: Oxytocin will not induce milk let-down unless the udder is in the proper physiological state. In the hypothalamus, oxytocin is made in magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei,[43] and is stored in Herring bodies at the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin is called the love hormone because it is usually released when people hug, cuddle or socially bond. Researchers dubbed these erections of the sexual appetite, or "appetitive erections." As the study says, GALP-produced oxytocin can: stimulate the appetitive aspects of male sexual behavior. [3] It plays a role in social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth. Oxytocin - influences sexual and social behavior. [8][9] It is also available in pharmaceutical form. The deduced structure of the active nonapeptide is: The term "oxytocin" derives from the Greek "" (kutkos), based on (oxs), meaning "sharp" or "swift", and (tkos), meaning "childbirth". [83] Oxytocin has a role in social behaviors in many species, so it likely also does in humans. [103][104] Some researchers have argued oxytocin has a general enhancing effect on all social emotions, since intranasal administration of oxytocin also increases envy and Schadenfreude. Jack (Steve Zahn), a character in the 2004 movie Employee of the Month explains how oxytocin performs in the female body at the 45m27s mark. Adjunct to mastitis treatment in cows: A single dose of up to 80 iu (8 ml) prior to stripping out before first mastitis treatment followed by repeated doses of 20 iu (2 ml) prior to each stripping out 2 or 3 times daily while mastitis treatment continues. Oxytocin is banned under Section 12 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1960). Once your baby is born, oxytocin promotes lactation by causing contractions of the myoepithelial cells in the alveolar ducts of your breasts. Once your baby stops feeding, the release of oxytocin stops until the next feeding. With uterine contractions in childbirth, pressure on your cervix from the fetus baby stimulates your pituitary to release oxytocin. Your pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus. Research has suggested that oxytocin modulates responsiveness to social stimuli through effects on the region of the brain known as the amygdala. In either form, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to speed up the process of childbirth. It also appears to affect the production of testosterone in the testes. However, its effects may be influenced by context, such as the presence of familiar or unfamiliar individuals. Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide widely known for its peripheral hormonal effects (i.e., parturition and lactation) and central neuromodulatory functions, related especially to social behavior and social, spatial, and episodic memory. Some cattle producers measure the pelvis at 12-15 . [17] In the early 1950s, American biochemist Vincent du Vigneaud found that oxytocin is made up of nine amino acids, and he identified its amino acid sequence, the first polypeptide hormone to be sequenced. Oxytocin is a powerful hormone that also functions as a neurotransmitter, helping transfer signals in your brain. Having lower-than-normal levels of oxytocin is rare. In Pakistan, unfortunately farmers are using oxytocin blindly specially by farmers living in villages. Common symptoms are exhaustion and loss of energy. Oxytocin levels are highest during mating season, and it is thought that this hormone plays a role in bonding between stallions and mares. The uterine-contracting properties of the principle that would later be named oxytocin were discovered by British pharmacologist Henry Hallett Dale in 1906,[13][14] and its milk ejection property was described by Ott and Scott in 1910[15] and by Schafer and Mackenzie in 1911.[16]. Livestock farmers are using it widely in dairy industry. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. [92] People also show more affection for their country's flag while remaining indifferent to other cultural objects when exposed to oxytocin. In pregnancy, PGF2 is medically used to sustain contracture and provoke myometrial ischemia to accelerate labor and . The need for the science and technology newspaper took place and the concept of weekly (futures daily) newspaper Technology Times evolve. Prostaglandins are lipids throughout the entire body that have a hormone-like function. Description Oxytocin injection is a sterile aqueous solution of highly purified oxytocic principle derived by synthesis or obtained from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland of healthy domestic animals used for food by humans. Vargas-Pinilla et al. These cells generate action potentials that propagate down axons to the nerve endings in the pituitary; the endings contain large numbers of oxytocin-containing vesicles, which are released by exocytosis when the nerve terminals are depolarised. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In late pregnancy (at term) and in preterm labour, the number of oxytocin receptors increases, accompanied by a marked increase in the sensitivity of the uterus to oxytocin. It transport through blood from the site of release to the site of action. Oxytocin injection contains 20 USP Units of oxytocin and less than 0.4 units of presser activity per mL. Exam 2 Practice Test. Oxytocin is frequently administered when the cervix is . The law clearly bans the introducing (of) any substance into the female organ of a milch animal with the object of drawing off from the animal any secretion of milk. However, this drug is mostly using on cattle through direct injection. Expand 1 PDF Save Alert 1. In the 1920s, oxytocin and vasopressin were isolated from pituitary tissue and given their current names. Science & technology sector remain neglected in Pakistan; both at government and public level. Prostaglandin is naturally produced by the uterus and terminates the normal cycle when a cow is not pregnant. Most of these studies optimized the oxytocin quantification in electrospray ionization (ESI) positive mode, using [M+H]+ as the parent ion at mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) 1007.4 and the fragment ions as diagnostic peaks at m/z 991.0,[153] m/z 723.2[154] and m/z 504.2. Oxytocin. Updated: 2023-02-28. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. The effect of oxytocin in stimulating the contraction of the myoepithelial tissue of the udder to affect milk let down is an additional benefit from the use of oxytocin in first calf heifers for the prevention of agalactia. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone - acts on the pituitary gland causing the release of hormones in response to stress. General description. It is produced in the part of the brain known as the hypothalamus. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 03/27/2022. This could be for a number of reasons and not necessarily because your body isnt making or releasing enough of the hormone naturally. These uterine contractions, in turn, cause your pituitary gland to release more oxytocin, leading to an increase in both the intensity and frequency of contractions. Both are nonapeptides with a single disulfide bridge, differing only by two substitutions in the amino acid sequence (differences from oxytocin bolded for clarity): CysTyrPheGlnAsnCysProArgGlyNH2. Open in new tab Download slide Structural similarity between OXT and vasopressin. Stringent monitoring policy need to design and implement. The adverse effect of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite (DDE) on the secretion of prostaglandins and oxytocin in bovine cultured ovarian and . The Neurological Institute is a leader in treating and researching the most complex neurological disorders and advancing innovations in neurology. Oxytocin: #N# <h2>What Is Oxytocin?</h2>#N# <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden">#N# <div class="field__item"><p . It transport through blood from the site of release to the site of action. sequenced the coding regions of the OXT gene in other genera in new world primates and identified the following variants in addition to Leu8- and Pro8-OT: Ala8-OT, Thr8-OT, and Val3/Pro8-OT. Oxytocin in both sexes is produced by the hypothalamus and stored and secreted into the bloodstream from the posterior pituitary gland. The approach of labor is characterized by increased prostaglandin and oxytocin synthesis and release resulting in mechanical contraction of the uterus that is vital for normal delivery. If you have any questions about labor and delivery and/or lactation, be sure to ask your healthcare provider. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. Oxytocin also appears to modulate fear and responses to threatening stimuli via receptors in the amygdala. Learn how the various hormones of a person work while experiencing love and separation. 4) Postoperative contraction of the uterus following a cesarean section and control of uterine hemorrhage. Inject aseptically by the intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous route. The two genes are believed to result from a gene duplication event; the ancestral gene is estimated to be about 500 million years old and is found in cyclostomata (modern members of the Agnatha). [99][qualify evidence] However, oxytocin has a more complex role than solely enhancing prosocial behaviors. KOL Key Opinion Leaders & Influencers . banned under Section 12 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, Kallar Grass The Salt Grass an Important Fodder Crop to Ameliorate Salt-Effected Soils, Green tea can fight intestinal worms: FUUAST, Baby corn: Nutritional value and health benefits, Animal Genomes Hold Cure For Human Diseases, The gas crunch can be minimised with more investment in fossil fuels, Remediation ability of Biochar for Salt-Affected Soils, Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources. Your hypothalamus is the part of your brain that controls functions like blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and digestion. [28] In women, a single dose of estradiol has been found to be sufficient to increase circulating oxytocin concentrations.[29]. In buffalo, oxytocin used to increase milk production 96.66%, Dead Fetus 13.33%, Difficult Birth 71.66%, Retention of Placenta 38.33% and Milk let down96.66% while in cattle used to increase milk production 90%, Dead Fetus 10%, Difficult Birth 58.33%, Retention of Placenta 30% and Milk let down91 . In the novel The Fireman by Joe Hill, the hormone plays a role in neutralizing the danger posed by an infectious spore that causes a condition known as Dragonscale. [4][5][6][7] Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream as a hormone in response to sexual activity and during labour. Oxytocin is a natural hormone that manages key aspects of the female and male reproductive systems, including labor and delivery and lactation, as well as aspects of human behavior. Oxytocin (OT) (quick birth) is a polypeptide hormone that is released and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Females who are administered oxytocin are overall faster in responding to socially relevant stimuli than males who received oxytocin. Premilking stimulation offers no advantages to milk production in short trials but results in shorter times of machine on and higher average rate of milk flow. Oxytocin | C43H66N12O12S2 | CID 439302 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, a pea-sized structure at the base of the brain. [90] Similarly, it has been demonstrated that when oxytocin is administered, individuals alter their subjective preferences in order to align with in-group ideals over out-group ideals. He posited that oxytocin, acting in part through effects on the autonomic nervous system, might allow what he termed "immobility without fear." In other words, oxytocin may in general protect the nervous system from shutting down in the face of stressful circumstances, especially those that require holding still rather than fighting or fleeing. Oxytocin (function) Stimulate uterine contractions, aid in parturition, milk letdown/ejection, expel uterine debris. Manufactured by: Bimeda-MTC Animal Health Inc., Cambridge, ON Canada, Manufactured for: Aspen Veterinary Resources, Ltd., Liberty, MO 64068, USA, Copyright 2023 Animalytix LLC. Oxytocin is also thought to influence several other physiological and behavioral processes, particularly sexual and social behaviour in males and females. Its main function is to facilitate childbirth, which is one of the reasons it is called the "love drug" or "love hormone." Oxytocin is thought to influence a number of other physiological and behavioral processes as well, particularly sexual and social behaviour in males and females. While its rare to have abnormally high or low levels of oxytocin, your healthcare provider may recommend receiving a synthetic form of oxytocin to kick-start labor if youre pregnant. Vasopressin appears to have a similar effect in males. Theyre available to help. Estrous Control and Synchrony in Cattle Exogenous hormones can mimic the hormones of the natural estrous cycle in cattle. ", "Marital behavior, oxytocin, vasopressin, and wound healing", "Oxytocin modulates female sociosexual behavior through a specific class of prefrontal cortical interneurons", "Endocannabinoid signaling mediates oxytocin-driven social reward", "WHO International Standard OXYTOCIN 4th International Standard NIBSC code: 76/575: Instructions for use (Version 4.0, Dated 30/04/2013)", "A novel form of oxytocin in New World monkeys", "Evolutionary pattern in the OXT-OXTR system in primates: coevolution and positive selection footprints", "Genetic diversity in oxytocin ligands and receptors in New World monkeys", "Automated Analysis of Oxytocin by On-Line in-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry", "Development and Validation of a Simple LC-MS Method for the Quantification of Oxytocin in Dog Saliva", "Oxytocin analysis from human serum, urine, and saliva by orbitrap liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry", "Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Genetics and Behavioral Implications", "The weak science behind the wrongly named moral molecule", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxytocin&oldid=1141852630, Cardiac effects: oxytocin and oxytocin receptors are also found in the, Preparing fetal neurons for delivery (in rats): crossing the placenta, maternal oxytocin reaches the fetal brain and induces a switch in the action of neurotransmitter, Feeding: a 2012 paper suggested that oxytocin neurons in the para-ventricular hypothalamus in the brain may play a key role in suppressing appetite under normal conditions and that other hypothalamic neurons may trigger eating via inhibition of these oxytocin neurons. For example, pair-bonding behaviour in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) has been shown to be facilitated by infusions of oxytocin, and, in women, genetic variations in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) have been correlated with marital quality. Like low quality of milk produced and animals culled earlier. This phenomenon can be explained by looking at the role of gonadal hormones, specifically estrogen, which modulate the enhanced threat processing seen in females. 10-40 iu. ADD/ADHD; The actions of OT are mediated by a single G-protein-coupled receptor distributed in reproductive tissues and within the brain. "[157], Oxytocin and vasopressin are the only known hormones released by the human posterior pituitary gland to act at a distance. [101][116] Additionally, after the administration of oxytocin, females show increased amygdala activity in response to threatening scenes; however, males do not show increased amygdala activation. Six effects of the "love hormone" to the body. A more detailed explanation on oxytocin begins at 44m40s. [147], While the structure of oxytocin is highly conserved in placental mammals, a novel structure of oxytocin was reported in 2011 in marmosets, tamarins, and other new world primates. The responsiveness of the uterine musculature to oxytocin varies greatly with the stage of the reproductive cycle. 5. The two functions of the epididymis are urine and sperm transport. Oxytocin is a hormone that's produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland. It plays an important role in reproduction. Outside the brain, oxytocin-containing cells have been identified in several diverse tissues, including in females in the corpus luteum[47][48] and the placenta;[49] in males in the testicles' interstitial cells of Leydig;[50] and in both sexes in the retina,[51] the adrenal medulla,[52] the thymus[53] and the pancreas. The oxytocin peptide is synthesized as an inactive precursor protein from the OXT gene. [9][10] Production and secretion of oxytocin is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism, where its initial release stimulates production and release of further oxytocin. [37][39] Amastatin, bestatin (ubenimex), leupeptin, and puromycin have been found to inhibit the enzymatic degradation of oxytocin, though they also inhibit the degradation of various other peptides, such as vasopressin, met-enkephalin, and dynorphin A.[39][40][41][42]. Policy. In humans, milk letdown occurs within seconds after an infant begins to suckle. prostoglandins and Oxytocin levels rise resulting in uterine contractions. Maintain function of male reproduction tract penis and muscles for ejaculation . Oxytocin also increases the production of prostaglandins (a group of lipids with hormone-like actions), which move labor along and increase the contractions even more. [110][111], Oxytocin mediates the antidepressant-like effects of sexual activity. [102] Indeed, studies in rodents have shown oxytocin can efficiently inhibit fear responses by activating an inhibitory circuit within the amygdala. It helps to regulate the body's fight-or-flight response, and it also has a calming effect. [44] The endocrine effects of hormonal oxytocin and the cognitive or behavioral effects of oxytocin neuropeptides are thought to be coordinated through its common release through these collaterals. When rats received oxytocin-stimulating GALP, they developed extensive rigid erections even without contact with a female. Protection of brain functions: Studies in rats have demonstrated that nasal application of oxytocin can alleviate impaired learning capabilities caused by restrained stress. One theory states that oxytocin increases approach/avoidance to certain social stimuli and the second theory states that oxytocin increases the salience of certain social stimuli, causing the animal or human to pay closer attention to socially relevant stimuli. And babies may born with deformities and low immunity levels. For More Information Also see Pet Health content regarding the pituitary gland in dogs and the pituitary gland in cats . Studies show that oxytocin enforces pro-social behaviors, attachment, bonding and even fidelity by rewarding those who maintain good relationships with positive, calm feelings of well-being. Oxytocin is one of a few hormones that have a positive feedback loop. There is immediate need of farmer education about the adverse effects of oxytocin use. All it will do is get her to let down what she has. Thermo-regulation of the testis . "Oxytocin" is the name of the fifth song on Billie Eilish's second album Happier Than Ever. This process compounds in intensity and frequency and continues until the triggering activity ceases. Physically, oxytocin plays a crucial role in childbirth and . The frequent use of oxytocin in animals also cause decreased birth rate and other deficiencies. [54] The finding of significant amounts of this classically "neurohypophysial" hormone outside the central nervous system raises many questions regarding its possible importance in these diverse tissues. [33] The inactive precursor protein is progressively hydrolyzed into smaller fragments (one of which is neurophysin I) via a series of enzymes. Estradiol - Steroid Progesterone- Steroid Androgen-Steroid Relaxin- Protein These hormones exert their action on the female genital tract and mammary gland. [55], Oxytocin is synthesized by corpora lutea of several species, including ruminants and primates. The present review summarizes what is known about the function of oxytocin in the male mammal and tries to take account of both central and systemic effects, and those linked with a local production of oxytocin within the male reproductive organs. The release continues until your baby is born. Hence, to get more profit after selling more milk to people. During conflict, individuals receiving nasally administered oxytocin demonstrate more frequent defense-motivated responses toward in-group members than out-group members. The purpose of . Oxytocin is derived by enzymatic splitting from the peptide precursor encoded by the human OXT gene. Oxytocin is higher in cows after manual premilking stimulation than in cows receiving no stimulation. [30][31][32] This precursor protein also includes the oxytocin carrier protein neurophysin I. Oxytocin can help us bond with loved ones and can be released through touch, music and exercise. Physiologically Oxytocin hormone is important for milking. It results in an overactive uterus, causing an increase in uterine muscle mass (hypertrophy), which limits pregnancy due to not being enough space in your uterus to hold your fetus. The reality of science for most people is what they experience through mass media channels. To investigate the mechanism by which oxytocin increases milk production, oxytocin injections were given before and after milking, and saline injection was given before milking as a control. [146] Oxytocin has a molecular mass of 1007Da, and one international unit (IU) of oxytocin is the equivalent of 1.68g of pure peptide. These axons (likely, but dendrites have not been ruled out) have collaterals that innervate neurons in the nucleus accumbens, a brain structure where oxytocin receptors are expressed. Functions Of Oxytocin: Oxytocin acts on many organs in the human body including the breasts, uterus in females, the testes and vas deferens in males, as well as the brain. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. The last hydrolysis that releases the active oxytocin nonapeptide is catalyzed by peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). Common among domesticated animals and is particularly common in cattle. Such behavioral responses tend to be sex-specific; in general, females appear to be especially sensitive to oxytocin, possibly because of differences in estrogen and progesterone levels. It is easily available even on a general store of villages. These dosages are recommended and may be repeated as necessary. In addition oxytocin performs a wide spectrum of functions. Prostaglandins will synchronize heat only if cows are cycling; however, they . [109] As such, the antidepressant-like effects of oxytocin may be mediated by modulation of a different target, perhaps the vasopressin V1A receptor where oxytocin is known to weakly bind as an agonist. Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, muscles and other tissues. The existence of a neurohormone with effects on uterine muscle tissue was demonstrated in 1906, when English physiologist Sir Henry Dale found that extracts of posterior pituitary glands from oxen, when administered to animals such as cats and dogs, encouraged the uterus to contract. As fourstates said, the oxytocin will not induce her to make more milk. Hormones produced by the hypothalamus include: Anti-Diuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) - regulates water levels and influence blood volume and blood pressure. For example, when oxytocin is released during a contraction of the uterus at the start of childbirth, this stimulates production and release of more oxytocin and an increase in the intensity and frequency of contractions. Although its rare, the most common cause of lower-than-normal oxytocin levels is panhypopituitarism, a condition in which all the levels of hormones your pituitary gland releases are below normal. [35] Many of the same tissues (e.g. This possibly plays a role in the emotional bonding between humans and dogs.[84]. [14] Oxytocin is believed to have a significant role in social learning. It is used in veterinary practices for the milk let down and for the treatment. Properly boiling of milk can be useful to avoid its harmful effects. Estrous cycle regulation focus on the following tissues: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries; collectively referred to as the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and also the uterus. Oxytocin is a neuropeptide containing nine amino acids produced by paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus. [44] Oxytocin is also produced by some neurons in the paraventricular nucleus that project to other parts of the brain and to the spinal cord. High doses of oxytocin saturate the receptor sites and make it ineffective as a uterotonic. [114] In accordance, it may have promise as an antidepressant. Oxytocin (Oxt or OT) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Consulte los recursos de la comunidad de KOL ; Guas de alta calidad seleccionadas por un equipo de profesionales que observan un riguroso proceso de revisin. A similar process takes place during lactation and during sexual activity. The release of oxytocin is associated with feelings of love and protection, as well as empathy, trust and connectedness. It affects more than half of people assigned male at birth over the age of 60. The hippocampus is a key structure for these functions, it is inne If the spore enters an oxytocin-rich environment, it will enter a dormant state instead of causing its host to undergo spontaneous human combustion. Rats that are genetically modified to have a surplus of oxytocin receptors display a greater fear response to a previously conditioned stressor. Prostaglandin F 2 (PGF 2 in prostanoid nomenclature), pharmaceutically termed carboprost is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient. 4. [60][61], The peripheral actions of oxytocin mainly reflect secretion from the pituitary gland. Oxytocin is a hormone released from anterior pituitary gland in animals as well as human beings. Obstetrical Use: Inject aseptically by the intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous route as follows: These dosages are recommended, and may be repeated as indicated. In veterinary science oxytocin is used in cow, buffalo, horse, pig and sheep in for uterine . 77 terms . Oxytocin is an essential hormone for childbirth and lactation. Each ml of Oxytocin Injection contains 20 USP units oxytocin. Scientists are still researching the connection between oxytocin and these conditions, and the potential of using synthetic oxytocin as a treatment. They use for milking by their animals without knowing its harmful effects on their animals. [105] Individuals who receive an intranasal dose of oxytocin identify facial expressions of disgust more quickly than individuals who do not receive oxytocin. The use of such milk by the pregnant women may lead to abortion. Although there has been speculation about the significance of similar associations in humans, whether such associations exist in the first place is unclear. Each mL of sterile solution also contains 0.9% w/v sodium chloride, 0.5% w/v chlorobutanol (as a preservative), with water for injection q.s. [108] The antidepressant-like effects of oxytocin are not blocked by a selective antagonist of the oxytocin receptor, suggesting that these effects are not mediated by the oxytocin receptor.
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